![]() ![]() Yet at Clermont-Ferrand Viollet-le-Duc also made use of more modern and original materials and techniques of implementation, notably by employing zinc and large brick arches to support the nave’s roof. Similarly, he rebuilt a lead roof, reusing some of the on-site material and combining it with new imported materials. Viollet-le-Duc drew up plans for a façade entirely built from Volvic stone, reviving ancient stonecutting techniques while also employing modern methods of stonecutting and building in parts of the structure. Viollet-le-Duc’s project for completing the cathedral took its cue from the maintenance work and earlier completion projects elaborated by the diocese’s architect Aymon Mallay, who relied almost systematically on local materials. These were mainly built from Volvic stone, a local volcanic rock that had been quarried and used for masonry essentially from the time of the medieval cathedral’s construction. At the time the latter consisted of a choir and a 14 th -century Gothic nave completed by an 11 th -century Romanesque façade on the west. However, further studies on the pollination process in WOSR should help to refine this model.Following Emperor Napoleon III’s visit to Clermont-Ferrand in 1862, Viollet-le-Duc began work on a project to finish its cathedral. This model can identify the impact of each of the factors that lead to the abortion of seeds and pods in WOSR, which include the position effect, assimilate competition and pollination limitation. Our results indicate that pollen germination is a factor that determines final seed number. Furthermore, the distribution parameters of the pollen number per stigma ( m) remained stable, and the probability of pod survival ( Bo) varied with different factors, including the year, pod rank and inflorescence position. This effect could be due to the competition for assimilates between the pods and seeds. Ramification-clipping treatment increased the number of ovules per ovary ( μ: 31 for control plants and 32 for clipped plants), the parameter k and the number of seeds per pod ( p). ![]() The mean number of seeds per pod on the main stem and the bottom ramification along the stem was larger than the other ramifications within one plant. Inflorescence position influenced the number of ovules per ovary ( μ: 30.8–33.8 from top to bottom) and the parameter k. The proportion of effective pollen grains ( k) significantly decreased with pod rank at the end of the main stem. The year had no effect on the number of ovules per ovary ( μ) and the probability of seed viability ( p). The variations in the parameters were analysed according to the following four factors: year, pod rank, inflorescence position and ramification-clipping treatment. Experiments were done in Grignon (France) in 20. The generalised least squares method was implemented to estimate the model parameters using the experimental data. Here, we present a stochastic probabilistic model of seed development. As a result of the complexity of the developmental patterns of WOSR, it is challenging to identify the roles of various factors that influence seed production using an experimental approach. This study aimed to reproduce the process of seed development in WOSR based on a limited number of parameters. ![]() Any difficulty during the process of seed production may result in seed or pod abortion. In winter oilseed rape (WOSR), only a subset of ovules can develop into seeds in the majority of pods. ![]()
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